La question des processus d’urbanisation en Celtique méditerranéenne est assurément l’un des points de différence majeur avec le reste du monde celtique, tant du point de vue des réalités archéologiques que de l’historiographie.

Le sujet de cet article peut paraître paradoxal : il est bien connu par les textes littéraires, avant tout par Hérodote, ainsi que par des données archéologiques, que les Scythes étaient nomades. Pour les Grecs, c’était la caractéristique principale de leur culture et de leur mode de vie : ils se déplaçaient constamment avec leurs troupeaux.

Our original intention was to present the state of research on open agglomerations in the territory of the Czech Republic besides the site of Němčice which is generally known and which is presented separately in the present proceedings.

On a parfois recherché en Italie des modèles pour les formes urbaines qui se répandent en Gaule.

La timide apparition des agglomérations au cours du IIIe s. a.C., avant leur spectaculaire développement au cours du siècle suivant semble assez symptomatique d’une série de changements qui affectent la société celtique durant La Tène B2 et La Tène C1.

After thousands of years of exclusively grinding with a to and fro motion, several new types of mills appeared and evolved in the Mediterranean during the last millennium BC.

The hopper rubber is a grinding tool associated with the spread of the ancient Greek world throughout the Mediterranean. Its presence is certified at certain Greek or Greek-influenced sites in the southeast of France during the second half of first millennium BC (Py 1992; Chausserie-Laprée 1998; Frankel 2003; Jaccottey et al. 2013).

The 1st millennium BC in the western Mediterranean was a period marked by significant social and economic changes. Deriving from a surge of connections within the Mediterranean, these changes are evidenced by new settlement patterns, technological innovations and the emergence of complex social and political organisations.

The oldest rotary mills in the Mediterranean and Europe which have been widely published (e.g., Alonso 1999, 2015; Alonso & Frankel 2017) are recorded in the middle of the 1st millennium BC in the framework of the dawn of the Iberian Civilisation (Early Iberian period) throughout the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula to the south of France.

The Lez River Valley runs roughly from north to south through Languedoc’s coastal plain to the east of Montpellier. The Late Bronze Age oppidum of Sextantio at the foot of the first limestone massiFs a few kilometres inland is this valley’s first major Protohistoric occupation.

The grinding tools from Protohistory to Late Antiquity along France’s Mediterranean coastline have not, to date, been the object of a systematic survey. This renders the current study of nearly 200 grinding stones unearthed during different excavations of the Greek colony of Olbia de Provence even more relevant.

Hundreds of querns and mills have been recovered and recorded from all stratigraphic phases at the site Tel Zayit (1999-2011) during the nine excavation seasons.